Overview of the events of 1919 in science
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The year 1919 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy
Chemistry
History of science
Mathematics
Medicine
- Dr George Newman is appointed as the first Chief Medical Officer to the Ministry of Health in England and Wales.
Physics
Psychology
Technology
- First crossings of the Atlantic Ocean by air.
- May 8–27 – United States Navy Curtiss flying boat NC-4 commanded by Albert Cushing Read makes the first transatlantic flight, from Naval Air Station Rockaway to Lisbon via Newfoundland and the Azores.
- June 14–15 – A Vickers Vimy flown by John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown makes the first nonstop transatlantic flight, from St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Ireland.
- July 2–6 – British airship R34 makes the first transatlantic flight by dirigible, and the first westbound flight, from RAF East Fortune, Scotland, to Mineola, New York.
- May 29 – Charles Strite files a United States patent for the electric pop-up bread toaster.[10]
- October 17 – Dr. Frank Conrad begins broadcasting from 8XK in Pittsburgh (United States).
- Lee De Forest files his first United States patent for the Phonofilm sound-on-film process.
- United States firearms designer John Browning finalizes the design of the M1919 Browning machine gun.
- United States firearms designer John T. Thompson finalizes the design of the Thompson submachine gun.
- A United States patent for the self-folding shirt collar is obtained by the Phillips-Jones Corporation.
Awards
Births
- January 23 – Hans Hass (died 2013), Austrian zoologist and oceanographer.[11]
- February 25 – Karl H. Pribram (died 2015), Austrian-American neuroscientist.
- April 1 – Joseph Murray (died 2012), American Nobel Prize-winning transplant surgeon.
- June 22 – Henri Tajfel (died 1982), Polish-born social psychologist.
- July 26 – James Lovelock (died 2022), English environmentalist and futurologist.
- August 12 – Margaret Burbidge, born Eleanor Margaret Peachey (died 2020), English-born American astronomer.
- August 30 – Maurice Hilleman (died 2005), American vaccinologist.[12]
- September 6 – Wilson Greatbatch (died 2011), American biomedical engineer.
- September 21 – Mario Bunge (died 2020), Argentine-born philosopher of science.
- November 10 – Mikhail Kalashnikov (died 2013), Russian small arms designer.
- December 8 – Kateryna Yushchenko (died 2001), Ukrainian computer scientist and academic.[13]
Deaths
- January 15 – Rosa Luxemburg (born 1871), Polish Marxist theorist, philosopher, economist, anti-war activist, and revolutionary socialist.
- February 19 – Frederick DuCane Godman (born 1834), English lepidopterist, entomologist and ornithologist.
- April 4 – Sir William Crookes (born 1832), English chemist and physicist.
- April 8 – Loránd Eötvös (born 1848), Hungarian physicist.
- April 17 – Bernhard Sigmund Schultze (born 1827), German obstetrician.
- May 8 – LaMarcus Adna Thompson (born 1848), American inventor.
- c. June 1 – Caroline Still Anderson (born 1848), African American physician, educator and activist.
- June 30 – John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (born 1842), English Nobel Prize-winning physicist.
- July 15 – Emil Fischer (born 1852), German Nobel Prize-winning chemist (suicide).
- July 21 – Gustaf Retzius (born 1842), Swedish anatomist.
- August 8 – Ernst Haeckel (born 1834), German zoologist.
- August 23 – Augustus George Vernon Harcourt (born 1834), English chemist.
- November 23 – Henry Gantt (born 1861), American project engineer.
- December 16 – Julia Lermontova (born 1846), Russian chemist.
- December 29 – Sir William Osler (born 1849), Canadian-born physician.
References
- ^ Hale, George E.; Ellerman, Ferdinand; Nicholson, S. B.; Joy, A. H. (April 1919). "The Magnetic Polarity of Sun-Spots". The Astrophysical Journal. 49: 153. Bibcode:1919ApJ....49..153H. doi:10.1086/142452.
- ^ Charbonneau, P.; White, O. R. (1995-04-18). "Hale's Sunspot Polarity Law". www2.hao.ucar.edu. High Altitude Observatory. Archived from the original on 2021-08-19. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
- ^ Langmuir, Irving (1919). "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 41 (6): 868–934. doi:10.1021/ja02227a002.
- ^ Dyson, F. W.; Eddington, A. S.; Davidson, C. R. (1920). "A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun's Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Solar eclipse of May 29, 1919". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 220 (571–581): 291–333. Bibcode:1920RSPTA.220..291D. doi:10.1098/rsta.1920.0009. Paper received October 30, read November 6, published April 27, 1920.
- ^ Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft.; Mehra, Jagdish; Rechenberg, Helmut (1982). The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Vol. 1, Part 1: The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900–1925: its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties. Springer. p. 330. ISBN 978-0-387-95174-4.
- ^ hirschfeld.in-berlin.de, The first Institute for Sexual Science.
- ^ Famous GLBT & GLBTI People – Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld stonewallsociety.
- ^ Grossmann, Atina. Reforming Sex. Oxford University Press, 1995.
- ^ In Memory of Arthur Kronfeld.
- ^ Charles Panati (15 August 2016). Panati's Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things. Book Sales. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-7858-3437-3.
- ^ Vitello, Paul (July 7, 2013). "Hans Hass, 94, early explorer of the world beneath the sea". The New York Times. p. A18. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ^ Dove, Alan (April 2005). "Maurice Hilleman". Nature Medicine. 11 (4): S2. doi:10.1038/nm1223. ISSN 1546-170X. PMID 15812484. S2CID 13028372.
- ^ Perevozchikova, O. L. (2009). "Ekaterina Logvinovna Yushchenko". Cybernetics and Systems Analysis. 45 (6): 843.