Chinese work class remotely operated underwater vehicle
The Chinese 8A4 class ROUV is a remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROUV) used to perform various underwater tasks, ranging from oil platform service to salvage and rescue missions. The 8A4 is a member of a series of related ROUVs developed by the Shenyang Institute of Automation (SIA) in the People's Republic of China (PRC). The predecessor to the 8A4 was the RECON-IV, an improved version of the American RECON-III. The 8A4 itself is an upgraded version of the American AMETEK 2006, and the 7B8 is an improved version of the 8A4.[1]
History
The 8A4's origins trace back to the RECON-IV ROUV. China has operated ROUVs to support its offshore oil and salvage operations since the 1980s, such as Hysub 10 ROUVs and Hysub 40 ROUVs supplied by the Canadian firm International Submarine Engineering in British Columbia. The Shanghai Salvage Bureau deployed Hysub 40 ROUVs and proved them to be a successful platform for offshore oil drilling, salvage, and rescue missions. However, foreign-built ROUVs were too expensive for wide adoption by the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). As a result, China decided to develop its version of ROUVs with similar capabilities.
One of the first Chinese-built ROUVs was the RECON-IV ROUV, which was developed jointly by the Shenyang Institute of Automation of the Chinese Academy of Science and Perry Oceanographic (later purchased by Lockheed Martin) of Riviera Beach, Florida.[2] The design was based on Perry Oceanography's RECON-III ROUV, and RECON-IV's development facilitated technology transfer between the two organizations.[2]
The RECON-IV ROUV was adopted by the People's Liberation Army Navy for salvage and rescue operations. However, like earlier ROUVs, the RECON-IV was primarily designed for civilian operations,[2] which limited military applications such as cutting through the specialized steel used in submarines, and opening valves on sinking vessels. The limitations of the civilian model and the needs of the People's Liberation Army Navy prompted a follow-up design.
8A4
In the late 1980s, China organized a design team to develop a ROUV that meets the needs of military salvage and rescue operations while also being able to perform civilian tasks. Team members included the 702nd Research Institute of the China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC), the Shipbuilding Engineering Institute of Harbin Engineering University (HEU), and the Institute of Underwater Engineering of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SHJTU). Xu Huangnan (徐芑南), a professor of SHJTU, was named as the general designer of the 8A4 ROUV. He would go on to be the deputy general designer of Explorer AUV, as well as the general designer of other Chinese unmanned underwater vehicles, including Sea Dragon class ROUV, CR class AUV, and SJT class ROUV.
To shorten the development time, the team decided to select a ROUV system available on the market whose performance was closest to the requirements and then improve it based on experience developing the RECON-IV ROUV. The AMETEK 2006, an American ROUV used to support offshore oil drilling operations, met both of these criteria, so it was chosen as the basis for the new ROUV[citation needed]. However, the AMETEK 2006 still required extensive improvements to meet the design team's goals.
One of the major upgrades was the redesign and incorporation of two manipulators that could operate around half a dozen tools.[3] These manipulators were completed by the main subcontractor, the Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), and eventually won 1st Place in the Scientific and Technological Advancement Award of the China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation in 1996 [citation needed]. It was also one of the first ROUVs in the Chinese inventory to have a Tether Management System (TMS).
The first 8A4 ROUV completed sea trials in 1993, operating at a depth of up to 600 meters, with a cruising radius of up to 150 meters. During its evaluation, the 8A4 ROUV successfully opened a submarine compartment constructed of special steel, a feat no other ROUV in the Chinese inventory could achieve [citation needed]. It subsequently entered service, and the 8A4 was thus dubbed the most capable salvage and rescue ROUV in Chinese service. In 1996, the 8A4 ROUV won 3rd Place in the Scientific and Technological Advancement Award of the China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation[citation needed].
Despite industry recognition and awards, the 8A4's deployment is limited due to financial constraints. Except for the first unit, all the remaining 8A4 ROUVs have had their TMS removed due to the budget cuts, resulting in a significant reduction in performance, such as reducing the maximum operational depth by more than half [citation needed]. It was not until the early 2010s that TMS was planned to be reintroduced to all the 8A4 ROUVs to achieve their full capabilities.
Dragon Pearl
Dragon Pearl (Long-Zhu, 龙珠)ROUV is a little known micro-ROUV designed specifically to work with the Jiaolong, operated by the Jiaolong's crew.[4][5][6][7][8][9] Therefore, the maximum operating depth of Dragon Pearl is equivalent to that of the Jiaolong.
Specifications:[4][5][6]
- Dimension: < 0.4 meters x 0.4 meters x 0.4 meters
- Weight: 40 kg
- Maximum operating depth: > 7000 meters
Sea Crab
Sea Crab (Hai-Xie, 海蟹 in Chinese) ROUV is an experimental ROUV developed from the experience gained from earlier ROUVs. Sea Crab is different from previous ROUVs in that it walks on six legs to walk on the sea floor as a bottom crawler, rather than moving with propellers.[10][11] Sea Crab was completed in 1984[10] and served mainly as a proof of concept unit, which lead to the development of later bottom crawler such as Sea Star described below.
Sea Pole
Sea Pole (Hai-Ji, 海极) ROUV is a little-known remotely operated vehicle (ROV) developed from the 8A4 specifically for underwater explorations in polar regions. It has been successfully deployed since the second Chinese Arctic expedition in 2003.[12][13][14][15][16][17]
Sea Star
Based on experience gained from earlier Sea Crab bottom crawler, SIA jointly developed Sea Star (Hai-Xing, 海星) ROUV with Italian firm Sonsub.[11][18][19] Equipped with two manipulators, Sea Star is a bottom crawler specifically designed for laying underwater cables on the seabed.[10][11][18][20][19]
Specifications:[11][19]
- Weight: < 10 tons
- Maximum operation depth: 300 meters
- Maximum excavation depth: 1.5 meters
- Maximum cable laying speed: 500 meters per hour
Sea Star 6000
While they are grouped in the same family by their developer SIA and share many technologies, Sea Star 6000 is distinct from the original Sea Star in that it has a maximum depth of 6,000 meters and is designed for scientific research missions rather than commercial applications.[21][22][23][24][25]
Specifications:[21]
- Length: 2.9 meters
- Width: 2.1 meters
- Height: 2.6 meters
- Weight: 3.5 tons
- Power: 35 kW
- Maximum operating depth: 6000 meters
- Depth positioning accuracy: ± 2 meters
- Directional positioning accuracy: ± 2°
References
- ^ 8A4 ROUV (in Chinese)
- ^ a b c Xu Guangrong (April 1, 2016). Biographies of Academicians of Chinese Academy of Science, Biography of Jiang Xinsong (in Simplified Chinese). Beijing: Beijing Book Co. Inc. p. 439. ISBN 9787516509999.
- ^ "Manipulators of the 8A4 ROUV (in Chinese)". Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
- ^ a b "Dragon Pearl remotely operated vehicle" (in Simplified Chinese). July 2, 2014.
- ^ a b "Dragon Pearl remotely operated underwater vehicle" (in Simplified Chinese). July 10, 2014.
- ^ a b "Dragon Pearl unmanned underwater vehicle" (in Simplified Chinese). July 10, 2014.
- ^ "Dragon Pearl ROUV" (in Simplified Chinese). June 26, 2014.
- ^ "Dragon Pearl ROV" (in Simplified Chinese). August 14, 2014.
- ^ "Dragon Pearl UUV" (in Simplified Chinese). August 21, 2014.
- ^ a b c "Sea Crab remotely operated underwater vehicle" (PDF) (in Simplified Chinese). December 31, 2000.
- ^ a b c d "Sea Star remotely operated vehicle" (in Simplified Chinese). October 18, 2021.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Sea Pole remotely operated vehicle" (in Simplified Chinese). September 26, 2018. Archived from the original on April 15, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
- ^ "Sea Pole remotely operated underwater vehicle" (in Simplified Chinese). June 29, 2009.
- ^ "Sea Pole unmanned underwater vehicle" (in Simplified Chinese). October 13, 2021.
- ^ "Sea Pole ROV" (in Simplified Chinese). October 25, 2021.
- ^ "Sea Pole ROUV" (in Simplified Chinese). October 25, 2021.
- ^ "Sea Pole UUV" (in Simplified Chinese). February 8, 2022.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Sea Star remotely operated underwater vehicle" (in Simplified Chinese). October 26, 2018.
- ^ a b c He Yuqing & han Jianda (August 1, 2016). Theories and Practice of Robotics Technological Development Route (in Simplified Chinese). Beijing: Beijing Book Co. Inc. p. 148. ISBN 9787538198232.
- ^ "Sea Star unmanned underwater vehicle" (in Simplified Chinese). July 15, 2013.
- ^ a b "Sea Star 6000 remotely operated vehicle" (in Simplified Chinese). March 13, 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Sea Star 6000 remotely operated underwater vehicle" (in Simplified Chinese). October 29, 2018.
- ^ "Sea Star 6000 unmanned underwater vehicle" (in Simplified Chinese). October 30, 2018.
- ^ "Sea Star 6000 ROUV" (in Simplified Chinese). October 29, 2018.
- ^ "Sea Star 6000 UUV" (in Simplified Chinese). October 29, 2018.
External links
- Hysub 10 ROUVs Archived 2010-08-23 at the Wayback Machine (Canada)
- Hysub 40 ROUVs Archived 2009-12-13 at the Wayback Machine (Canada)
- International Submarine Engineering (Canada)
- Shenyang Institute of Automation (沈阳自动化所)
- Shipbuilding Engineering Institute (船舶工程学院)
- Institute of Underwater Engineering (水下工程研究所)
|
|
---|
Basic equipment | |
---|
Breathing gas | |
---|
Buoyancy and trim equipment | |
---|
Decompression equipment | |
---|
Diving suit | |
---|
Helmets and masks | |
---|
Instrumentation | |
---|
Mobility equipment | |
---|
Safety equipment | |
---|
Underwater breathing apparatus | |
---|
Diving equipment manufacturers | |
---|
|
|
|
---|
Access equipment | |
---|
Breathing gas handling | |
---|
Decompression equipment | |
---|
Platforms | |
---|
Remotely operated underwater vehicles | |
---|
Safety equipment | |
---|
General | |
---|
|
|
|
---|
Activities | |
---|
Competitions | |
---|
Equipment | |
---|
Freedivers | |
---|
Hazards | |
---|
Historical | |
---|
Organisations | |
---|
|
|
|
---|
Occupations | |
---|
Underwater work | Salvage diving | - SS Egypt
- Kronan
- La Belle
- SS Laurentic
- RMS Lusitania
- Mars
- Mary Rose
- USS Monitor
- HMS Royal George
- Vasa
|
---|
|
---|
Diving contractors | |
---|
Tools and equipment | |
---|
Underwater weapons | |
---|
|
|
|
---|
Specialties | |
---|
Diver organisations | |
---|
Diving tourism industry | |
---|
Diving events and festivals | |
---|
|
|
|
---|
Diving hazards | |
---|
Diving procedures | |
---|
Risk management | |
---|
|
|
|
---|
Diving disorders | Pressure related | Oxygen | |
---|
Inert gases | |
---|
Carbon dioxide | |
---|
Breathing gas contaminants | |
---|
|
---|
Immersion related | |
---|
|
---|
Treatment | |
---|
Personnel | |
---|
Screening | |
---|
Research | Researchers in diving physiology and medicine | |
---|
Diving medical research organisations | |
---|
|
---|
|
|
|
|
---|
Archeological sites | |
---|
Underwater art and artists | |
---|
Engineers and inventors | |
---|
Historical equipment | |
---|
Military and covert operations | - Raid on Alexandria (1941)
- Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior
|
---|
Scientific projects | |
---|
Awards and events | |
---|
Incidents | Dive boat incidents | |
---|
Diver rescues | |
---|
Early diving | |
---|
Freediving fatalities | |
---|
Offshore diving incidents | - Byford Dolphin diving bell accident
- Drill Master diving accident
- Star Canopus diving accident
- Stena Seaspread diving accident
- Venture One diving accident
- Waage Drill II diving accident
- Wildrake diving accident
|
---|
Professional diving fatalities | |
---|
Scuba diving fatalities | |
---|
|
---|
|
|
Publications |
---|
Manuals | - NOAA Diving Manual
- U.S. Navy Diving Manual
- Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival
- Underwater Handbook
- Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving
- Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving
- The new science of skin and scuba diving
- Professional Diver's Handbook
- Basic Scuba
|
---|
Standards and Codes of Practice | |
---|
General non-fiction | |
---|
Research | |
---|
Dive guides | |
---|
|
|
Training and registration |
---|
Diver training | |
---|
Recreational scuba certification levels | Core diving skills | |
---|
Leadership skills | |
---|
Specialist skills | |
---|
|
---|
Diver training certification and registration organisations | Commercial diver certification authorities | |
---|
Commercial diving schools | |
---|
Free-diving certification agencies | |
---|
Recreational scuba certification agencies | |
---|
Scientific diver certification authorities | |
---|
Technical diver certification agencies | |
---|
|
---|
Military diver training centres | |
---|
Military diver training courses | |
---|
|
|
|
---|
Surface snorkeling | |
---|
Snorkeling/breath-hold | |
---|
Breath-hold | |
---|
Open Circuit Scuba | |
---|
Rebreather | |
---|
Sports governing organisations and federations | |
---|
Competitions | |
---|
|
|
|
---|
Pioneers of diving | |
---|
Underwater scientists archaeologists and environmentalists | |
---|
Scuba record holders | |
---|
Underwater filmmakers and presenters | |
---|
Underwater photographers | |
---|
Underwater explorers | |
---|
Aquanauts | |
---|
Writers and journalists | |
---|
Rescuers | |
---|
Frogmen | |
---|
Commercial salvors | |
---|
|
|
|
---|
Diving physics | |
---|
Diving physiology | |
---|
Diving environment | |
---|
|
|
Other |
---|
Deep-submergence vehicle | - Aluminaut
- DSV Alvin
- American submarine NR-1
- Bathyscaphe
- Archimède
- FNRS-2
- FNRS-3
- Harmony class bathyscaphe
- Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe
- Trieste II
- Deepsea Challenger
- Ictineu 3
- JAGO
- Jiaolong
- Konsul-class submersible
- Limiting Factor
- Russian submarine Losharik
- Mir
- Nautile
- Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle
- DSV Sea Cliff
- DSV Shinkai
- DSV Shinkai 2000
- DSV Shinkai 6500
- DSV Turtle
- DSV-5 Nemo
|
---|
Submarine rescue | Deep-submergence rescue vehicle | |
---|
|
---|
Submarine escape | |
---|
Special interest groups | |
---|
Neutral buoyancy facilities for Astronaut training | |
---|
Other | |
---|
|
|
|
|
---|
|
---|
Nuclear ballistic missile (SSBN) | |
---|
Nuclear attack (SSN) | |
---|
Conventional ballistic missile (SSB) | |
---|
Conventional attack (SS/SSK) | |
---|
Unclassified miscellaneous (IXSS) | |
---|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
---|
Ammunition ships (AE/AEM) | |
---|
Buoy tenders (AGL) | |
---|
Cable layers (ARC) | |
---|
Cargo ships (AK) | Reefer ships (AF) | |
---|
Cargo ships (AK) | |
---|
Float-on/float- off ships (AKF) | |
---|
General stores issue ships (AKS) | |
---|
Roll-on/roll- off ships (AKR) | |
---|
Container ships (AKX) | - Converted/militarized container ships
|
---|
Self-propelled lighters/barges (YF) | |
---|
|
---|
Crane ship (AB) | |
---|
Degaussing / deperming ships (ADG) | |
---|
Dive tenders (YDT) | |
---|
Dredgers (AGD) | |
---|
Engineering ships | - Engineering ships of unknown class/type: Bei-Gong 275 & 276
|
---|
Environmental research ships (AGER) | |
---|
Fleet Replenishment ship (AEFS) | |
---|
Floating pile drivers (YPD) | |
---|
General purpose research ships (AGE) | |
---|
Harbor utility craft (YFU) | |
---|
Hospital ships (AH) | Hospital ships (AH) | |
---|
Medical evacuation ships (AHP) | |
---|
Ambulance transports (APH) | |
---|
Ambulance craftd (YH) | |
---|
|
---|
Hydrographic survey ships (AGS) | |
---|
Icebreakers (AGB) | |
---|
Museum ships | |
---|
Oceanographic research ships (AGOR) | |
---|
Oceanographic surveillance ships (AGOS) | |
---|
Personnel transport (AP) | |
---|
Range support & target ships (AGT) | |
---|
Repair ships (AR) | |
---|
Rescue and salvage ships | |
---|
Spy ships (AGI) | |
---|
Submarine support ships | |
---|
Submersibles (X) | Deep-submergence rescue vehicle (DSRV) | |
---|
Deep-submergence vehicle (DSV) | |
---|
Other Submersibles (X) | |
---|
Diver propulsion vehicles (DPV) | |
---|
|
---|
Tankers | |
---|
Technological research ships | Sonar trials ships | |
---|
Technical research ships (AGTR) | |
---|
Unclassified Miscellaneous Submarine (IXSS) | |
---|
|
---|
Torpedo trials craft | Torpedo retrievers (TR/TWR) | |
---|
Torpedo trials ships (YTT) | |
---|
|
---|
Tracking ship (AGM) | |
---|
Training ships (AX) | Training ship (AX) | |
---|
Training ship, sail (AXS) | |
---|
Onshore stationary training facilities | |
---|
|
---|
Tugs (AT) | Harbor tug (YT) | |
---|
Large harbor tug (YTB) | |
---|
Rescue Tug (ATR) | |
---|
Sea-going Tug (ATA) | |
---|
Tugs of unknown class/type | - Bei-Tuo 153, 651, 704, 728, Dong-Tuo 845, 861, Nan-Tuo 142, 163, 168, 176, 187, 188
|
---|
|
---|
UAV mothershps (ATLS) | |
---|
Unmanned surface vehicles (USV) | |
---|
Unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV) | Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) | |
---|
Benthic landers | |
---|
Bottom crawlers | - Aquadrobotman series
- CSSC series
- Deepinfar series
- JUST series
- Robosea series
- SBSS series
- Sea Crab
- Sea Star
- THLMT unmanned vehicles#Underwater series
- VVLAI series
|
---|
Hybrid UUVs (Autonomous remotely -operated vehicles, ARVs) | |
---|
Remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROUV) | |
---|
Underwater gliders | - Flying Wing
- Petrel series
- Sea Soar series
- Deepinfar Sea Wing series
- THLMT series
|
---|
|
---|
Wave gliders | - CSSC series
- Hydrovo series
- Ostar series
- THLMT Black Pearl
|
---|
Weapon trials ships (AVM/AGM) | |
---|
|
|
* = Under construction or procurement, CG= Classified as guided missile cruiser by NATO, FF= Classified as light frigate by PLAN |