Kokartus

Extinct genus of amphibians

Kokartus Temporal range: Middle Jurassic, Bathonian–Callovian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Family:	†Karauridae
Genus:	†Kokartus Nessov, 1988
Species:	†K. honorarius
Binomial name
†Kokartus honorarius Nessov, 1988

Kokartus is an extinct genus of prehistoric stem-group salamander (Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan.^[1]

The absence of clear lines of arrested growth and annuli in long bones suggests that the animals lived in an environment with stable local conditions.^[2] Like other members of Karauridae, it is thought to have been neotenic.^[3] Kokartus is thought to have fed using suction feeding via the enlargement of the buccal cavity on small fish and invertebrates, with the well developed palatal dentition (teeth on the roof of the mouth) and marginal teeth helping to grasp prey.^[4]

References

^ Averianov, Alexander O.; Martin, Thomas; Skutschas, P. P.; Rezvyi, A. S.; Bakirov, A. A. (2008). "Amphibians from the Middle Jurassic Balabansai Svita in the Fergana Depression, Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia)". Palaeontology. 51 (2): 471–485. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00748.x.
^ Skutschas, Pavel; Stein, Koen (12 February 2015). "Long bone histology of the stem salamanderKokartus honorarius(Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan". Journal of Anatomy. 226 (4): 334–347. doi:10.1111/joa.12281. PMC 4386933. PMID 25682890.
^ Jones, Marc E. H.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Skutschas, Pavel; Hill, Lucy; Panciroli, Elsa; Schmitt, Armin D.; Walsh, Stig A.; Evans, Susan E. (2022-07-11). "Middle Jurassic fossils document an early stage in salamander evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (30): e2114100119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2114100119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 9335269. PMID 35858401. S2CID 250472286.
^ Skutschas, Pavel; Martin, Thomas (April 2011). "Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan: SKULL OF JURASSIC STEM SALAMANDER". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (4): 816–838. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00663.x.

Lissamphibia

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Osteichthyes
Clade: Sarcopterygii
Clade: Tetrapoda

Tetrapodomorpha

- see Tetrapodomorpha

Batrachomorpha / Temnospondyli

- see Temnospondyli

Dissorophoidea

see Dissorophoidea
Lissamphibia	see below↓

Lissamphibia

†Albanerpetontidae?	Albanerpeton Anoualerpeton Celtedens Shirerpeton Wesserpeton Yaksha

Gymnophionomorpha (caecilians total group)

Gymnophiona (caecilians crown group)

Rhinatrematidae (American tailed caecilians)	Amazops Epicrionops Rhinatrema

Stegokrotaphia

Ichthyophiidae (Asian tailed caecilians)	Ichthyophis Uraeotyphlus

Teresomata

Scolecomorphidae (buried-eyed caecilians)	Crotaphatrema Scolecomorphus
Chikilidae (Northeast Indian caecilians)	Chikila
Herpelidae (African caecilians)	Boulengerula Herpele
Typhlonectidae (aquatic caecilians)	Atretochoana Chthonerpeton Nectocaecilia Potamotyphlus Typhlonectes †Ymboirana
Caeciliidae (common caecilians)	†Apodops Caecilia Oscaecilia
Grandisoniidae (Indo-African caecilians)	Gegeneophis Grandisonia Hypogeophis Idiocranium Indotyphlus Praslinia Sylvacaecilia
Dermophiidae (Neotropical caecilians)	Dermophis Geotrypetes Gymnopis Schistometopum
Siphonopidae (South American caecilians)	Brasilotyphlus Luetkenotyphlus Microcaecilia Mimosiphonops Siphonops

Batrachia
(salamanders + frogs
crown group)

Caudata
(salamanders
total group)

†Egoria †Kulgeriherpeton †Triassurus †Urupia
†Karauridae	Karaurus Kokartus Kuzbassia Marmorerpeton
†Batrachosauroididae	Batrachosauroides Opisthotriton Palaeoproteus Parrisia Peratosauroides Prodesmodon
Urodela (salamanders crown group)	115 genera