Poređenje svemirskih vozila sa posadom

Više različitih svemirskih letelica je korišćeno za prevoz ljudi u i iz svemira.

Tabelarni kodni ključ

Svemirska letelica u razvoju
Svemirska letelica je u funkciji
Penzionisan svemirski brod
‡ Korisni teret do / od ISS-a
§ Sa posadom (Bez posade)
[Uključuje greške]

Orbitalna svemirska vozila

Svemirska letilica Poreklo Proizvođač Domet Lansirni sistem Veličina posade Dužina (m) Prečnik (m) Masa lansiranja (kg) Sistem za napajanje Nosivost (kg) ‡ Prvi svemirski let § Poslednji svemirski let Letovi §
Mercury  SAD McDonnell Aircraft
North American Aviation 		LEO
attained 		Redstone MRLV
Atlas LV-3B 		7000100000000000000♠1 7002334000000000000♠334 7002189000000000000♠189 1,400 Baterije 7003196100000000000♠1961 (1960) 7003196300000000000♠1963 7000600000000000000♠6
(12)[note 1]
Gemini  SAD McDonnell Aircraft
Martin 		LEO Titan II GLV
Titan IIIC[note 2] 		7000200000000000000♠2 7002556000000000000♠556 7002305000000000000♠305 3,790 Gorive ćelije 7003196500000000000♠1965 (1964) 7003196600000000000♠1966 7001100000000000000♠10
(2)[note 3]
Apollo  SAD North American Aviation
Grumman and Douglas 		Lunar Saturn IB
Saturn V 		7000300000000000000♠3 7001850000000000000♠85 7002391000000000000♠391 7004202000000000000♠ 5,500 CM + 14,700 LM +
24,500 Service Module 		Gorive ćelije 7003196700000000000♠1967 (1966) 7003197500000000000♠1975 7001150000000000000♠15
(4)[note 3]
Space Shuttle orbiter  SAD Rockwell International LEO Space Shuttle 7000800000000000000♠8[note 4] 7003372400000000000♠3.724 7001480000000000000♠48[note 5] 7005109000000000000♠109.000 Gorive ćelije 7001125000000000000♠12,500/16,000 7003198100000000000♠1981 7003201100000000000♠2011 7002135000000000000♠135[note 6]
Soyuz 7K-T  SSSR OKB-1 LEO Soyuz
Soyuz-U 		7000200000000000000♠2 7002748000000000000♠748 7002272000000000000♠272 Baterije 7003197300000000000♠1973 7003198100000000000♠1981 7001260000000000000♠26 (4)[note 7]
Voskhod  SSSR OKB-1 LEO Voskhod 7000300000000000000♠3[note 8] 7000500000000000000♠5 7001240000000000000♠24 5,682 Baterije 7003196400000000000♠1964 (1964) 7003196500000000000♠1965 7000200000000000000♠2 (3)
Vostok  SSSR OKB-1 LEO
first 		Vostok-K 7000100000000000000♠1 7001440000000000000♠44 7002243000000000000♠243 7000472500000099999♠4,725 Baterije 7003196100000000000♠1961 (1960) 7003196300000000000♠1963 7000600000000000000♠6 (7)[note 9]
Soyuz 7K-OK  SSSR OKB-1 LEO Soyuz 7000300000000000000♠3 7002748000000000000♠748 7002272000000000000♠272 Solarni paneli 7003196700000000000♠1967 (1966) 7003197000000000000♠1970 7000800000000000000♠8 (8)[note 10]
Soyuz 7KT-OK  SSSR OKB-1 LEO Soyuz 7000300000000000000♠3 7002748000000000000♠748 7002272000000000000♠272 Solarni paneli 7003197100000000000♠1971 7003197100000000000♠1971 7000200000000000000♠2[note 11]
Soyuz 7K-T-AF  SSSR OKB-1 LEO Soyuz 7000200000000000000♠2 7002748000000000000♠748 7002272000000000000♠272 Solarni paneli 7003197300000000000♠1973 7003197300000000000♠1973 7000100000000000000♠1
Soyuz 7K-TM  SSSR OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U 7000200000000000000♠2 7002748000000000000♠748 7002272000000000000♠272 Solarni paneli 7003197400000000000♠1974 7003197500000000000♠1975 7000200000000000000♠2 (2)
Soyuz 7K-MF6  SSSR OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U 7000200000000000000♠2 7002748000000000000♠748 7002272000000000000♠272 Solarni paneli 7003197600000000000♠1976 7003197600000000000♠1976 7000100000000000000♠1
Soyuz-T  SSSR OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U
Soyuz-U2 		7000300000000000000♠3 7002748000000000000♠748 7002272000000000000♠272 Solarni paneli 7003197800000000000♠1978 7003198600000000000♠1986 7001150000000000000♠15 (6)[note 12]
Soyuz-TM  SSSR
 Rusija 		RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-U2
Soyuz-U 		7000300000000000000♠3 7002748000000000000♠748 7002272000000000000♠272 Solarni paneli 7003198600000000000♠1986 7003200200000000000♠2002 7001330000000000000♠33 (1)
Buran  SSSR RKK Energia LEO Energia 7001100000000000000♠10 7003363700000000000♠3.637 Gorive ćelije N/A 7003198800000000000♠(1988) 7003198800000000000♠(1988) 5000000000000000000♠0 (1)
Soyuz-TMA
11F732 		 Rusija RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-FG 7000300000000000000♠3 7002748000000000000♠748 7002272000000000000♠272 Solarni paneli 7003200200000000000♠2002 7003201200000000000♠2012 7001220000000000000♠22
Soyuz TMA-M
11F747 		 Rusija RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-FG 7000300000000000000♠3 7002748000000000000♠748 7002272000000000000♠272 7000715000000000000♠7,150 Solarni paneli 7003201000000000000♠2010 7003201600000000000♠2016 7001190000000000000♠19
Shenzhou  Kina China Academy of Space Technology LEO Chang Zheng 2F 7000300000000000000♠3 7002925000000000000♠925 7002280000000000000♠280 7000784000000000000♠7,840 Solarni paneli 7003200300000000000♠2003 (1999) Active 7000700000000000000♠7 (4)
Soyuz MS
  Rusija RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-2.1a 7000300000000000000♠3 7002748000000000000♠748 7002272000000000000♠272 Solarni paneli 7003201600000000000♠2016 Active 7000300000000000000♠3
Crew Dragon  SAD SpaceX LEO Falcon 9 7000400000000000000♠4[1] 7001810000000000000♠81[2] 7001370000000000000♠37[3] 7004120550000000000♠12.055[4] Solarni paneli 7003330700000000000♠3.307/7003250700000000000♠2.507 7003202000000000000♠2020 (7003201900000000000♠2019) Active 7000700000000000000♠7 (1)
CST-100 Starliner  SAD Boeing LEO Atlas V 7000700000000000000♠7 [note 13][5] 7002503000000000000♠503 [6] 7002456000000000000♠456 [6] Solarni paneli 7003202300000000000♠2023 (7003201900000000000♠2019) Testing 5000000000000000000♠0 (7000200000000000000♠2)
Orion  SAD Lockheed Martin
Astrium 		Lunar, Mars Space Launch System 7000600000000000000♠6 7001330000000000000♠33 7000500000000000000♠5 7004212000000000000♠ 8,900 capsule +
12,300 service module 		Solarni paneli 7003202400000000000♠2024 (2014) Testing 5000000000000000000♠0 7000200000000000000♠(2)[note 14]
Next-gen crew spacecraft  Kina China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation LEO, Lunar Long March 5B

921 Rocket

7000700000000000000♠7 7001880000000000000♠88 7001450000000000000♠45 7001216000000000000♠21,600 Solarni paneli Testing 5000000000000000000♠0
(1)
Gaganyaan  Indija Indian Space Research Organization LEO GSLV Mk III 7000300000000000000♠3 7000700000000000000♠7 7001350000000000000♠35 7003780000000000000♠7.800 Solarni paneli 7003202300000000000♠(2023) Planned 5000000000000000000♠0
Starship  SAD SpaceX Solar System[7][note 15] Super Heavy 7002100000000000000♠100 [note 16] 7001550000000000000♠55 [7] 7000900000000000000♠9 [7][note 17] 7006133500000000000♠1.335.000 [7] Solarni paneli 7003202300000000000♠ (Planned: 7003202200000000000♠2022) [7] Testing 5000000000000000000♠0
Orel
  Rusija RKK Energia Lunar Irtysh (rocket)
Angara A5 		7000400000000000000♠4 Solarni paneli Planned: 7003202300000000000♠2023 Planned 5000000000000000000♠0
Dream Chaser  SAD Sierra Nevada Corporation LEO Vulcan Centaur 7000700000000000000♠7 [8][9] 7000900000000000000♠9 [10] 7001113000000000000♠11,300 [11] TBA Planned 5000000000000000000♠0
Biconic Space Vehicle  SAD Blue Origin LEO New Glenn TBA Planned 5000000000000000000♠0

Suborbitalna svemirska vozila

Svemirska letilica Poreklo Proizvođač Domet Lansirni sistem Veličina posade Dužina (m) Prečnik (m) Masa lansiranja (kg) Sistem za napajanje Generisana snaga (W) Prvi svemirski let § Poslednji svemirski let Letovi §
SpaceShipOne  SAD Scaled Composites 112 km
X Prize 		White Knight
Hybrid Motor 		7000100000000000000♠1 8.53 8.05 3,600 7003200400000000000♠2004 7003200400000000000♠2004 7000300000000000000♠3[note 18]
X-15  SAD North American Aviation 108 km
altitude 		B-52
Ammonia-LOX 		7000100000000000000♠1 15.45 6.8 15,420 7003196300000000000♠1963[note 19] 7003196300000000000♠1963 7000200000000000000♠2[note 20]
SpaceShipTwo  SAD The Spaceship Company 90 km White Knight Two
RocketMotorTwo 		7000800000000000000♠8[note 21] 18.3 8.3 9,740 December 13, 2018 7000200000000000000♠2[note 22]
New Shepard  SAD Blue Origin 119 km New Shepard

BE-3

7000600000000000000♠6 7003202100000000000♠2021
(2015) 		6 (17)
Spica Rocket  Danska Copenhagen Suborbitals 105 km BPM100 1 13 1 4,100 Baterije 2025 Early Development 0

Napomene

  1. ^ Uključujući 2 suborbitalna leta, ne uključujući standardne testove
  2. ^ Jedno lansiranje bez posade na Titan IIIC pre predložene upotrebe u MOL programu
  3. ^ а б Ne uključujući standardne testove
  4. ^ Nijedna misija nije nosila više od osam astronauta, iako su teoretski bilo moguće nošenje više astronauta, na primer vraćanje posade nasukanog orbitera.
  5. ^ Raspon krila 23,79 m
  6. ^ Uključuje dve nezgode sa smrtnim ishodom; STS-51-L se raspao tokom uspona, STS-107 oštećen tokom uspona, raspao se prilikom ponovnog ulaska u atmosferu.
  7. ^ Letovi sa posadom uključuju jedan neuspeh u lansiranju - prekid tokom leta treće faze, oporavljen nakon suborbitalnog leta.
  8. ^ Može da ponese tri kosmonauta bez svemirskih odela, ili dva sa svemirskim odelima; obe ove kombinacije su letele.
  9. ^ Broj letova bez posade uključuje dva neuspešna lansiranja.
  10. ^ Letovi sa posadom uključuju jedan fatalni otkaz u letu; Sojuz 1 je izgubljen zbog otkazivanja padobrana pri sletanju.
  11. ^ Letovi sa posadom uključuju jedan fatalni otkaz u letu; Sojuz 11 je izgubio pritisak tokom ponovnog ulaska u atmosferu.
  12. ^ Letovi sa posadom uključuju jedno neuspešno lansiranje (SAS (sistem za bekstvo iz lansiranja) korišćen ~70 sekundi pre planiranog poletanja zbog vatre na lansirnoj rampi - posada je preživela)
  13. ^ Svaka misija u komercijalnom programu posade će poslati do četiri astronauta na ISS
  14. ^ Uključujući test bez posade u 2014.
  15. ^ Dizajniran za sletanje skoro svuda u Sunčevom sistemu.
  16. ^ Broj mesta će biti manji u ranim misijama.
  17. ^ Plus delta krila.
  18. ^ Ne uključuje atmosferske letove sa posadom.
  19. ^ Ne uključuje svemirske letove koje priznaje samo SAD.
  20. ^ Ne uključuje atmosferske letove ili misije koje se smatraju svemirskim letovima prema američkoj definiciji, ali ne i prema definiciji FAI-a.
  21. ^ 2 astronauta kao posada + 6 putnika
  22. ^ Ne uključuje atmosferske letove sa posadom.

Vidi još

Reference

  1. '^ Clark, Stephen (7. 12. 2019). „After redesigns, the finish line is in sight for SpaceX's Crew Dragon spaceship”. Spaceflight Now. Архивирано из оригинала 6. 6. 2020. г. Приступљено 1. 6. 2020. „With [the addition of parachutes] and the angle of the seats, we could not get seven anymore', Shotwell said. "So now we only have four seats. That was kind of a big change for us".” CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  2. ^ „Falcon 9”. SpaceX. Архивирано из оригинала 15. 7. 2013. г. Приступљено 20. 1. 2016. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  3. ^ „SpaceX Brochure – 2008” (PDF). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 20. 3. 2012. г. Приступљено 9. 12. 2010. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  4. ^ Clark, Stephen. „SpaceX's Crew Dragon ready for first test flight – Spaceflight Now” (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2019-03-02. 
  5. ^ Reichhardt, Tony (август 2018). „Astronauts, Your Ride's Here!”. Air & Space/Smithsonian. Архивирано из оригинала 21. 8. 2019. г. Приступљено 7. 7. 2020. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  6. ^ а б Burghardt, Mike (август 2011). „Boeing CST-100: Commercial Crew Transportation System” (PDF). Boeing. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 1. 5. 2013. г. Приступљено 8. 5. 2014. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  7. ^ а б в г д „Making Life Multiplanetary” (PDF). SpaceX. 2017-10-18. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2017-11-19. г. Приступљено 2017-11-19. 
  8. ^ „Dream Chaser Model Drops in at NASA Dryden” (Саопштење). Dryden Flight Research Center: NASA. 2010-12-17. Архивирано из оригинала 2012-06-12. г. Приступљено 2012-08-29. 
  9. ^ Chang, Kenneth (2011-02-01). „Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA”. New York Times. стр. D1. Архивирано из оригинала 2017-09-11. г. Приступљено 2012-08-29. 
  10. ^ Wade, Mark (2014). „Dream Chaser”. Encyclopedia Astronautix. Архивирано из оригинала 2014-01-06. г. Приступљено 2012-08-29. 
  11. ^ Sirangelo, Mark (август 2011). „NewSpace 2011: Sierra Nevada Corporation”. Spacevidcast. Приступљено 2011-08-16. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза) Sirangelo, Mark (24. 8. 2014). „Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser's First Flights: One-on-One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo (Part 3)”. AmericaSpace. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)